FLIGHT THEORY (PART II)
The Lift increases when the angle of attack increases.
Too much increase in angle of attack causes the aircraft to stall (stalling angle of attack). When the aircraft carry a high traffic load, the speed must be high oid the stall.
Aircraft performance during the flight:
• To accelerate : increase the Thrust
• To decelerate : decrease the Thrust
• To climb : Lift> Weight
• To descend : Lift < Weight
To maintain a level cruise at a steady speed:
+ Lift = Weight
+ Thrust - Drag = Constant
During flight, thrust, drag, and lift are changed by engine speed and . angle of attack. However, weight will only decrease due to the consumption of fuel during the flight.
Speed at take - off:
There are three critical speed of an aircraft during take-off:
Vl : Velocity 1 is the speed at which the aircraft must have on the runway and ready for take-off.
VR : Velocity Rotate is the speed at which the aircraft raises its nose then starts lift-off.
V2 : Velocity 2 is called the safe climb speed with fixed angle of attack.
The angle of attack must be calculated as efficiently as possible for the aircraft to minimize fuel consumption and noise and climb - up safely. With higher angle of attack, the aircraft produces less noise but stalling would happen. Before the stall happens, the aircraft emergency/stall warning system would alarm the crew.
Effects of Weight
Most modem aircraft are so designed that if all seats are occupied, all baggage allowed by the baggage compartment is carried, and all of the fuel tanks are full, the aircraft will be grossly overloaded. This type of design requires the pilot to give great consideration to the requirements of the trip.
If maximum range is required, occupants or baggage must be left behind, or if the maximum load must be canied, the range, dictated by the amount of fuel on board, must be reduced.
Some of the problems caused by overloading an aircraft are:
- The aircraft will need a higher takeoff speed, which results in a longer takeoff run.
- Both the rate and angle of climb will be reduced
- The cruising speed will be reduced
- A longer landing roll will be required because the landing speed will be higher
- Excessive loads will be imposed on the structure, especially the landing gear.
Too much increase in angle of attack causes the aircraft to stall (stalling angle of attack). When the aircraft carry a high traffic load, the speed must be high oid the stall.
Aircraft performance during the flight:
• To accelerate : increase the Thrust
• To decelerate : decrease the Thrust
• To climb : Lift> Weight
• To descend : Lift < Weight
To maintain a level cruise at a steady speed:
+ Lift = Weight
+ Thrust - Drag = Constant
During flight, thrust, drag, and lift are changed by engine speed and . angle of attack. However, weight will only decrease due to the consumption of fuel during the flight.
Speed at take - off:
There are three critical speed of an aircraft during take-off:
Vl : Velocity 1 is the speed at which the aircraft must have on the runway and ready for take-off.
VR : Velocity Rotate is the speed at which the aircraft raises its nose then starts lift-off.
V2 : Velocity 2 is called the safe climb speed with fixed angle of attack.
The angle of attack must be calculated as efficiently as possible for the aircraft to minimize fuel consumption and noise and climb - up safely. With higher angle of attack, the aircraft produces less noise but stalling would happen. Before the stall happens, the aircraft emergency/stall warning system would alarm the crew.
Effects of Weight
Most modem aircraft are so designed that if all seats are occupied, all baggage allowed by the baggage compartment is carried, and all of the fuel tanks are full, the aircraft will be grossly overloaded. This type of design requires the pilot to give great consideration to the requirements of the trip.
If maximum range is required, occupants or baggage must be left behind, or if the maximum load must be canied, the range, dictated by the amount of fuel on board, must be reduced.
Some of the problems caused by overloading an aircraft are:
- The aircraft will need a higher takeoff speed, which results in a longer takeoff run.
- Both the rate and angle of climb will be reduced
- The cruising speed will be reduced
- A longer landing roll will be required because the landing speed will be higher
- Excessive loads will be imposed on the structure, especially the landing gear.
FLIGHT THEORY (PART II)
Reviewed by Aviation Lesson
on
3:04 PM
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Reviewed by Aviation Lesson
on
3:04 PM
Rating:
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